Emperor Aurangzeb Alamgeer
Truths About a ruler
Hello, I am Brijendra Singh; I have done my PGDM course from
I.I.S.E Business School Lucknow. I am not a student of history but I like to
read history due to my interest. In this article I have tried to provide some
facts related to Emperor Aurangzeb. His image as a person and as a ruler is
negative among the Indian citizens, but I am sure when you will go through this
article your attitude will change towards this ruler.
Aurangzeb Alamgir was the sixth & the last great Mughal
emperor of India. He ruled India from 1658 to 1707 AD. He was one of the
greatest Mughal emperors & lived a very simple life. He lived on a small
quantity of food, he used to write the Quran with his own hand & sell them
to earn extra wage. If he wanted, he could have lived a life of extra-ordinary
luxury as the, emperors, kings, nawabs, rajas, maharajas did in those days.
He
was a well-read man; he kept up his love of books till the end. He wrote
beautiful Persian prose. A selection of his letters (Ruq’at-i-Alamgiri) has
long been a standard model of simple but elegant prose. He understood music
well but he gave up this amusement in accordance with Islamic injunctions.
Emperor
Aurangzeb is considered as the greatest of all the mughal kings. The mughal
state reached its height under his leadership. The state has 29.2% of the world
population under its flag (175 million out of 600 million in 1700 AD) & was
one of the richest states the world had ever seen, with a world GDP of 24.5% ($
90.8 billion out of $ 371 billion in 1700).
Of
all the Muslim rulers who ruled vast territories of India from 712 to 1857AD,
probably no one has received as much condemnation from western & Hindu
writers as Aurangzeb. He has been castigated as a religious Muslim who was
anti-Hindu, who taxed them, who tried to convert them, who discriminated them
in awarding high administrative positions, & who interfered in their
religious matters. This view has been heavily promoted in the government
approved text books in schools & colleges across post partition India
(i.e., after 1947). These are fabrications against one of the best rulers of
India who was pious, scholarly, saintly, un-biased, liberal, magnanimous,
tolerant, competent & far sighted.
Fortunately,
in recent years quite a few Hindu historians have come out in the open
disputing those allegations. For e.g., historian Babu Nagendranath Banerjee
rejected the accusation of forced conversion of Hindus by Muslim rulers by
stating that if that was their intention then in India today there would not be
nearly four times as many Hindus compared to Muslims, despite the fact that
Muslims had ruled for nearly a thousand years. Banerjee challenged the Hindu
hypothesis that Aurangzeb was anti-Hindu by reasoning that if the latter was
truly guilty of such bigotry, how could he appoint a Hindu as his military commander
-in –chief? Surely, he could have afforded to appoint a competent Muslim
general in that position. Banerjee further stated: “No one should accuse
Aurangzeb of being communal minded. In his administration the state policy was
formulated by Hindus. A number of non-Muslims including Hindus, Sikhs, Marathas
& Jats, were employed by him in his court. He did not compromise on the
fundamentals of Islam, which are in fact the moving spirit of every faith.
Historical facts must be interpreted in their true & objective spirit &
not subjectively as expressed by the Hindu writers.
Dr. BISHAMBHAR NATH PANDE’S VIEW
The
late scholar & historian, Dr.Bishambhar Nath Pande’s research efforts
exploded myths on Aurangzeb’s rule. They also offer an excellent example of what
history has to teach us if only we study it dispassionately. Mr. Pande was
ranked among the very few Indians & very fewer still Hindu historians who
tried to be a little careful when dealing with such history. He knew that this
history was ‘originally compiled by European writers’ whose main objective was
to produce a history that would serve their policy of divide & rule.
In
his famous Khuda Bakhsh Annual Lecture (1985) Dr. Pande said: “Thus under a
definite policy the Indian history text books were so falsified & distorted
as to give an impression that the medieval (i.e., Muslim) period of Indian
history was full of atrocities committed by Muslim rulers on their Hindu
subjects & the Hindus had to suffer terrible indignities under Muslim rule
and there were no common factors (between Hindus & Muslims) in social,
political & economic life.”
Therefore,
Dr.Pande was extra careful. Whenever he came across a ‘fact’ that looked odd to
him, he would try to check & verify rather than adopt it uncritically. He came
across a history text book taught in the Anglo-Bengali College, Allahabad,
which claimed that “three thousand Brahmins had committed suicide as Tipu
wanted to convert them forcibly into the fold of Islam.” The author was a very
famous scholar, Dr.Har Prasad Shastri, head of the department of Sanskrit at
Kolkata University. (Tipu Sultan (1750-99), who ruled over the South Indian
state of Mysore (1782-99), is one of the most heroic figures in Indian history.
He died on the battle field, fighting the British.)
Was
it true? Dr. Pande wrote immediately to the author & asked him for the
source on which he had based this episode in his text-book. After several
reminders, Dr. Shastri replied that he had taken this information from the
Mysore gazetteer. So Dr. Pande requested the Mysore university vice-
chancellor, Sir Brijendra Nath Seal, to verify for him Dr. Shastri’s statement
from the gazetteer. Sir Brijendra referred his letter to Prof. Srikantia who
was then working on a new edition of the gazetteer. Srikantia wrote to say that
the gazetteer mentioned no such incident and, as a historian himself, he was
certain that nothing like this had taken place. Prof. Srikantia added that both
the prime minister & commander-in-chief of Tipu Sultan were themselves Brahmins.
He also enclosed a list of 136 Hindu temples which used to receive annual
grants from the sultan’s treasury.
It
inspired that Shastri had lifted this story from Colonel Miles, History of
Mysore, which Miles claimed he had taken from a Persian manuscript in the
personal library of Queen Victoria. When Dr. Pande checked further, he found
that no such manuscript existed in Queen Victoria’s library.
FALSE HISTORY PROVIDED BY
BRITISHERS
British
historian Sir Henry Elliot remarked that Hindus “had not left any account which
could unable us to gauge the traumatic impact the Muslim conquest and rule had
on them?” Since there was none, Elliot went on to produce his own eight-volume
history of India with contributions from British historians (1867). His history
claimed Hindus were slain for disputing with ‘Mohammedans’, generally
prohibited from worshipping and taking out religious processions , their idols
were mutilated , their temples were destroyed , they were forced into
conversion & marriages , & were killed & massacred by drunk Muslim
tyrants. Thus Sir Henry, & scores of other empire scholars, went on to
produce a synthetic Hindu verses Muslim history of India, & their lies
became a history.
Lord
Curzon(Governor General of India 1895-99 & Viceroy 1899-1904(d.1925) was
told by the secretary of state for India, George Francis Hamilton , that they
should “ so plan the educational textbooks that the differences between
community & community are further strengthened.” Another Viceroy, Lord
Dufferin (1884-88), was advised by the secretary of state in London that the
“division of religious feelings is greatly to our advantage ’’, & that he
expected “some good as a result of your committee of inquiry on Indian
education & on teaching material ’’. “ We have maintained our power in
India by playing – off one part against the other’’, the secretary of state for
India reminded yet another viceroy, Lord Elgin (1862-63), “& we must
continue to do so. Do all you can, therefore to prevent all having a common
feeling?”
MYTH RELATED TO DESTRUCTION OF
TEMPLES
Some
of the Hindu historians have accused Aurangzeb of demolishing Hindu temples.
How factual is this accusation against a man, who has been known to be a
saintly man, a strict adherent of Islam? The Qur’an prohibits any Muslim to
impose his will on a non-Muslim by stating that “There is no compulsion in
religion.”(Surah al-Baqarah 2.256). The Surah al-Kafirun clearly states: “To
you is your religion & to me is mine.” It would be totally unbecoming of a
learned scholar of Islam of his caliber, as Aurangzeb was known to be, to do
things that are contrary to the dictates of the Qur’an.
Interestingly,
the 1946 edition of the history textbook Etihash Parichaya (introduction to
history) used in Bengal for the 5th & 6th graders states: “If Aurangzeb had
the intention of demolishing temples to make way for mosques, there would not
have been a single temple standing erect in India. On the contrary, Aurangzeb
donated huge estates for use as temple sites & support thereof in Benaras,
Kashmir & elsewhere. The official documentations for these land grants are
still extant.”
A
stone inscription in the historic Balaji or Vishnu temple, located north of
Chitrakut Balaghat, still shows that it was commissioned by the emperor
himself. His administration made handsome donation to temple of Pandharpur –
seat of deity Vitthal. Historian the late D.G Godse has claimed that trustees
of Vitthal temple were more worried about marauding Maratha armies than the
mughal one.
The
proof of Aurangzeb’s land grant for famous Hindu religious sites in Varanasi
can easily be verified from the deed records extant at those sites. The same
textbook (Etihash Parichaya) reads: “During the fifty year reign of Aurangzeb,
not a single Hindu was forced to embrace Islam. He did not interfere with any
Hindu religious activities”. Alexander Hamilton, a British historian, toured
India towards the end of Aurangzeb’s fifty year’s reign & observed that
everyone was free to serve & worship god in his own way.
The
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb is the most reviled of all the Muslim rulers in India.
He was supposed to be a great destroyer of temples & oppressor of Hindus,
& a ‘fundamentalist’ too. As chairman of the Allahabad municipality
(1948-53), Dr. Bishambhar Nath Pande had to deal with a land dispute between
two temple priests. One of them had filed in evidence some firmans (royal
orders) to prove that Aurangzeb had, besides cash, gifted the land in question
for the maintenance of his temple. Might they not be fake, Dr. Pande thought in
view of Aurangzeb’s fanatically anti-Hindu image? He showed them to his friend,
Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, a distinguished lawyer as well a great scholar of Arabic
& Persian. He was also a Brahmin. Sapru examined the documents &
declared they were genuine firmans issued by Aurangzeb. For Dr.Pande this was a
‘new image of Aurangzeb’, so he wrote to the chief priests of the various
important temples, all over the country, requesting photocopies of any firman
issued by aurangzeb that they may have in their possession. The response was
overwhelming; he received copies of firmans of Aurangzeb from the great temples
of Mahakaleshwara, Ujjain, Balaji temple, Chitrakut, Umanand temple Gauhati,
& the Jain temple of Shatrunjai & other temples & gurudwaras scattered
over northern India. These firmans were issued from 1659 to 1685AD. Though
these are only few instances of Aurangzeb generous attitude towards Hindus
& their temples, they are enough to show that what the historians have
written about him was biased & is only one side of the picture. India is a
vast land with thousands of temples scattered all over. If proper research is
made, I am confident; many more instances would come to light which will show
Aurangzeb’s benevolent treatment of non-Muslims.
Aurangzeb
did not indiscriminately destroy Hindu temples, as he is commonly believed to
have done so, & that he directed the destruction of temples only when faced
with insurgency. This was almost certainly the case with the Keshava Rai temple
in the Mathura region, where the Jats rose in rebellion & yet even this
policy of reprisal may have been modified, as Hindu temples in the Deccan were
seldom destroyed. The image of Aurangzeb as an idol – breaker may not with
stand scrutiny, since there is evidence to show that, like his predecessors, he
continued to confer land grants or jagirs (large parcel of agricultural lands)
upon Hindu temples, such as the Someshwar Nath Mahadev temple Allahabad, Jangum
Badi Shiva temple in Varanasi, Umanand temple in Gauhati & numerous others.
He did not harm to the famous Alura temples (a huge complex of Ancient temples)
in his conquest of Deccan.
DEMOLITION OF KASHI VISHWANATH
TEMPLE
Dr.
Pande’s research showed that Aurangzeb was as solicitous of the rights &
welfare of his non-Muslim subjects as he was of his Muslim subjects. Hindu
plaintiffs received full justice against their Muslims respondents &, if
guilty, Muslims were given punishment as necessary.
One
of the greatest charges against Aurangzeb is of the demolition of Vishwanath
temple in Varanasi. That was a fact, but Dr. Pande unraveled the reason for it.
“While Aurangzeb was passing near Varanasi on his way to Bengal, the Hindu
Rajas in his retinue requested that if the halt was made for a day, their Ranis
may go to Varanasi, have a dip in the Ganges & pay their homage to Lord
Vishwanath. Aurangzeb readily agreed. “Army pickets were posted on the five
mile route to Varanasi. The Ranis made journey to the palkis. They took their
dip in the Ganges & went to the Vishwanath temple to pay their homage.
After offering puja (worship) all the Ranis returned except one, the Maharani
of Kutch. A thorough search was made of the temple precincts but the Rani was
to be found nowhere.
“When
Aurangzeb came to know about this, he was very much enraged. He sent his senior
officers to search for the Rani. Ultimately they found that statue of Ganesh
(the elephant – headed god) which was fixed in the wall was a moveable one.
When the statue was moved, they saw a flight of stairs that led to the
basement. To their horror they found the missing Rani dishonored & crying
deprived of all her ornaments. The basement was just beneath Lord Vishwanath’s
seat.”
The
Raja demanded salutary action, & “Aurangzeb ordered that as the sacred
precincts have been despoiled, Lord Vishwanath may be moved to some other
place, the temple be razed to the ground & the Mahant (head priest) be
arrested & punished.”
EMPLOYMENT FOR NON-MUSLIMS
Aurangzeb
has often been accused of closing the doors of official employment on the
Hindus, but a study of the list of his officers shows this is not so. Actually
there were more Hindu officers under him than under any other Mughal emperor.
Though this was primarily due to a general increase in the number of officers,
it shows that there was no ban on the employment of Hindus.
In
his administration the state policy was formulated by Hindus. Two Hindus held
the highest position in the state treasury. Some prejudiced Muslims even
questioned the merit of his decision to appoint non-Muslims to such high
offices. The emperor refuted them by stating that he had been following the
dictates of the Shariah (Islamic law) which demands appointing right persons in
right positions. During Aurangzeb’s long reign of fifty years, many Hindus,
notably Jaswant Singh, Jay Singh, Raja Rajrup, Kabir Singh, Arghanath Singh,
Prem Dev Singh, Dilip Roy & Rasik Lal Crory, held very high administrative
positions. Two of the highest ranked generals in Aurangzeb’s administration,
Jaswant Singh & Jay Singh, were Hindus. Other notable Hindu generals who
commanded a garrison of two to five thousand soldiers were Raja Vim Singh of
Udaypur, Indra Singh, & Achalaji & Arjuji. One wonders if Aurangzeb was
hostile to Hindus, why would he position all these Hindus to high positions of
authority, especially in the military, who could have mutinied against him
& removed him from his throne?
Most
Hindus like Akbar over Aurangzeb for his multi-ethnic court where Hindus were
favored. Historian Shri Sharma states that while Emperor Akbar had 14 Hindu
Mansabdars (high officials) in his court, Aurangzeb actually had 148 Hindu high
officials in his court (Ref : Mughal Govn.). But this fact is somewhat less
known.
If
Aurangzeb was so ferocious a communalist, why is it, some historians have
asked, that the number of Hindu employed in positions of eminence under
Aurangzeb’s reign rose from 24.5% in the time of his father Shah Jahan to 33%
in the fourth decade of his own rule?
JIZYA AND OTHER TAXES
Now
let us deal with Aurangzeb’s imposition of the Jizya tax which had drawn severe
criticism from many Hindu historians. It is true that Jizya was lifted during
the reign of Akbar & Jahangir & that Aurangzeb later reinstated this.
Before I delve into the subject of Aurangzeb’s Jizya tax, or taxing the
non-Muslims, it is worthwhile to point out that Jizya is nothing more than a
war tax which was collected only from able-bodied young non-Muslim male
citizens living in a Muslim country who did not want to volunteer for the
defence of the country. That is, no such tax was collected from non-Muslims who
volunteered to defend the country. This tax was not collected from women &
neither from immature males nor from disabled or old male citizens. For payment
of such taxes, it became incumbent upon the Muslim Government to protect the
life, property & wealth of its non-Muslim citizens. If for any reason the
Government failed to protect its citizens, especially during a war, the taxable
amount was returned.
It
should be pointed out here that zakat (2.5% of savings) & ushr (10% of
agricultural products) were collected from all Muslims, who owned some wealth
(beyond a certain minimum, called nisab). They also paid sadaqah, fitrah &
khums. None of these were collected from any non-Muslim. As a matter of fact,
the per capita collection from Muslims was several fold that of non-Muslims.
Further to Aurangzeb’s credit is his abolition of a lot of taxes, although this
fact is not usually mentioned. In his book Mughal administration, Sir Jadunath
Sarkar, foremost historian on the Mughal dynasty, mention’s that during
Aurangzeb’s reign in power, nearly 65 types of taxes were abolished, which
resulted in a yearly revenue loss of 50 million rupees from the state treasury.
Other
historians stated that when Aurangzeb abolished 80 types of taxes, no one
thanked him for his generosity. But when he imposed only one (jizya), & not
heavy at all, people began to show their displeasure.
While
some Hindu historians are retracting the lies, the textbooks & historic
accounts in western countries have yet to admit their error & set the
record straight.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
RELATED TO CHARACTER OF
AURANGZEB
Just
think a man such, character, caliber that cares and concern for public can be
unjust, cruel. Just imagine a king such cruel & unjust to the majority
could rule a huge country, for about 50 years, where high majority members
serving highest position & comprising 80% in the military.
He
was so pious best character person noble & just. You cannot find a single
one in the present leaders.
His
personal piety however is undeniable. He led an exemplary simple pious life. He
cares for the royal treasury as public treasury & for public. The present
leaders considers public treasury to personal treasury.
Unlike
his predecessors, Aurangzeb did consider the royal treasury as a trust of the
citizens of his empire & did not use it for personal expenses.
He
was Subedar in Deccan & Gujarat. He didn’t destroy any temple. His period
was peaceful & prosperous, called golden period.
Despite
more than two decades he campaign as subedar in Deccan & Gujarat there is
no record of temple destruction in the region. He continued to confer Jagirs to
Hindu temples. His period was golden period & relatively peaceful,
prosperous in his tenure.
He
was maligned that he was against art & music. He was the accomplished
musician playing VEENA. The largest numbers of books on classical Indian music
in Persian were written during Aurangzeb’s reign. He banned all nude dances.
Aurangzeb
cruelty as mere rumors or at best lies invented by Hindu bigotry & British
historians who wanted to weaken India by their divide & rule policy. Bankim
Chatterjee, who served his whole life to British government, was a tool of this
conspiracy and dividing.
He
was so concern about duties; he did not miss prayer during the ongoing war.
He
spread his prayer rug & prayed in the midst of battle ground, brought him
much fame. He stopped all bad things, which today everybody want. Why
government banned bar balayien, dances of Rakhi Sawant & Mallaika. Why
sattabazi is illegal?
Today
we pay more than 66% of our income as taxes. The present government is worse
than Aurangzeb’s.
He
forbade sati, drinking, gambling, prostitution, devadasies, dancing in
brothels, ashrams & mutts. He put jizya to Dhimmis (non-believers) which
around 2.5% like Muslim pay their Zakat, 2.5% eligible person should pay. The
old, women, children were exempted. Only the young man who didn’t want to serve
in the army should pay the jiziya. Indian parliament still hung the bill of Lok
Pal, whereas Aurangzeb the only ruler who appointed Lok Pal to control
corruption in Judiciary, Finance & other departments.
He
appointed Muhattasib (lok pal) censors to control injustice & atrocities.
The Brahmans & higher caste Hindus now found themselves facing Islamic law
courts for the atrocities on lower castes Hindus.
He
was best knowledgeable & brilliant administrator. He never tolerates
injustice. He was a brave soldier & best commander in the field. He was the
only who control Deccan & Bijapur dynasty. Under his leadership, in
particular, he led Mughal forces in the conquest of the Deccan, seizing first
the Golkunda & Bijapur Sultanates, & then attacking the Maratha
chieftains. He annexed all the Maratha territories. He left Shivaji because he
was no threat to his kingdom.
These
are the few evidence of his greatness. The Brahmans & higher caste were
subject to Aurangzeb justice. They maligned & created, invented, fabricated
these & all other baseless stories.
This is all about emperor Aurangzeb. I am confident that when you
will go through all these facts & figures your perception towards this
Mughal emperor will change. Our medieval history consists of various false
stories. Our nation had never seen an emperor like Aurangzeb. I need your
feedback about this article. What should I do to change the perception of
people? I want to know merits, demerits, area of scope & any suggestion
related to this article from your side.
By: Brijendra Singh
I.I.S.E Business School Lucknow
